All that is under the Sun
“If probability is the language of uncertainty, a PMF is its grammar: crisp, discrete, and occasionally punch‑line worthy.” Picture this: You open your favorite generative‑AI app, type “Write me a haiku about mangoes,” and in less time than it takes to blink, a tiny digital poet complies. What sorcery decides which 17 syllables appear? Beneath …
We constantly hear about AI’s incredible feats: identifying cats in photos better than your cousin Kevin, translating languages on the fly, even spotting diseases on medical scans. AI models, especially those powered by Deep Learning, are phenomenal classifiers. They can look at data and yell “CAT!” or “SPAM!” or “POTENTIAL TUMOR!” with astonishing accuracy. But …
In the real world, outcomes are rarely certain. Will it rain tomorrow? Will a stock price go up? Will a user click on an ad? Probability theory provides the mathematical framework for reasoning about uncertainty, and at the heart of this framework lies the concept of a probability distribution. A probability distribution is a fundamental …
“Every man can, if he so desires, become the sculptor of his own brain.” – Santiago Ramón y Cajal Imagine you wake up one morning to find your coffee machine has grown extra buttons overnight, ready to prepare new exotic brews you didn’t even know existed. Far-fetched? For your kitchen appliances, certainly—but what if your …
“Remembrance of things past is not necessarily the remembrance of things as they were.” Marcel Proust Memory. It shapes our identities, informs our decisions, and—if you believe the ancient Greeks—steers our destinies. Yet for all its importance, memory can be a fickle thing. We humans can remember a childhood phone number for decades, yet blank …
In recent months, the DeepSeek team has showcased impressive results by fine-tuning large language models for advanced reasoning tasks using an innovative reinforcement learning technique called Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). In this post, we’ll explore the theoretical background and core principles of GRPO while also offering a primer on Reinforcement Learning (RL) and its …